Following her divorce from Wells, she found work with a street performance group called the Jones Family Band. Martin Luther King Jr.[49] Baker was the only official female speaker. After her recovery (which she continued to fall in and out of), she started touring to entertain British, French, and American soldiers in North Africa. [2] She raised her children in France. [44], In January 1966, Fidel Castro invited Baker to perform at the Teatro Musical de La Habana in Havana, Cuba, at the 7th-anniversary celebrations of his revolution. In 1951 Baker was invited back to the United States for a nightclub engagement in Miami. Baker was a celebrated artist, especially in Europe, and an activist to whom Coretta Scott King offered the unofficial leadership in the movement that was taking place in the U.S. following the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. Photo by Rudolf Suroch of Josephine Baker. [54] Josephine Baker was bisexual. She was best known for the Jungle dance which she performed naked apart from a skirt of rubber bananas about her waist. "[6], Her career began with blackface comedy at local clubs; this was the "entertainment" of which her mother had disapproved; however, these performances landed Baker an opportunity to tour in Paris, which would become the place she called home until her final days. ", "African American Celebrity Josephine Baker, Dancer and Singer", "Josephine Baker Biography - life, name, school, mother, old, information, born, husband, house, time, year", "Josephine Baker: A Chanteuse and a Fighter", "Monaco Cimetière: des bornes interactives pour retrouver les tombes", "Hall of Famous Missourians, Missouri House of Representatives", "Junction of Channing Avenue (Josephine Baker Boulevard) with Lindell Boulevard and Olive Street", "Legacy Walk unveils five new bronze memorial plaques - 2342 - Gay Lesbian Bi Trans News", "What do twerking and the Charleston have in common? Josephine Baker was born on June 3, 1906 in St. Louis, Missouri. "[33], Despite her popularity in France, Baker never attained the equivalent reputation in America. Later she became a chorus girl on the St. Louis stage. Louis. [77], Writing in the on-line BBC magazine in late 2014, Darren Royston, historical dance teacher at RADA credited Baker with being the Beyoncé of her day, and bringing the Charleston to Britain. In a 2003 interview with USA Today, Angelina Jolie cited Baker as "a model for the multiracial, multinational family she was beginning to create through adoption. Baker's children have different perspectives on her as a mother. She adopted two girls, French-born Marianne and Moroccan-born Stellina. Jean Cocteau became friendly with her and helped vault her to international stardom. Notes were written in invisible ink on Baker's sheet music. She joined a black vaudeville troupe and moved to New York City, where she also divorced him. Baker Children - Josephine Baker. When Baker found out one of her son's Jarry was gay, she scolded him front of the entire family before sending him to live with her ex husband in Buenos Aires. Many years have passed since the death of Josephine Baker, and the charismatic Broadway chorus-girl turned Parisian music-hall legend, actress, comedian and French fashion icon is still widely remembered for her many achievements. A term of the time describes this part of the cast as "The Pony". who came to hear her children sing, to tour their home, or to watch her children play. [80][81], Baker continued to influence celebrities more than a century after her birth. [58], During Baker's work with the Civil Rights Movement, she began adopting children, forming a family she often referred to as "The Rainbow Tribe." Create your own unique website with customizable templates. Over there she garnered critical fame for her exotic dancing, singing, and acting. )[47]), Baker worked with the NAACP. In her later career, Baker faced financial troubles. Most rooms are open for the public to walk through including bedrooms with the cots where her children slept, a huge kitchen, and a dining room where she often entertained large groups. [37], The following year, she appeared in a Royal Variety Performance at the London Palladium, and then at the Monacan Red Cross Gala, celebrating her 50 years in French show business. [30], During her travels in Yugoslavia, Baker was accompanied by "Count" Giuseppe Pepito Abatino. In September 1939, when France declared war on Germany in response to the invasion of Poland, Baker was recruited by the Deuxième Bureau, French military intelligence, as an "honorable correspondent". Baker criticized the club's unwritten policy of discouraging Black patrons, then scolded columnist Walter Winchell, an old ally, for not rising to her defense. She was taken to Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, where she died, aged 68, on 12 April 1975. Baker's consistent badgering of a show manager in her hometown led to her being recruited for the St. Louis Chorus vaudeville show. [56][57] Baker was also involved in sexual liaisons, if not relationships, with Ada "Bricktop" Smith, French novelist Colette, and possibly Frida Kahlo. "[27][28] The author spent hours talking with her in Paris bars. [6][8][9] Her mother, Carrie, was adopted in Little Rock, Arkansas, in 1886 by Richard and Elvira McDonald, both of whom were former slaves of African and Native American descent. When her children became teenagers, many of them began to resent Baker. Another short-lived marriage followed to Willie Baker in 1921; she retained Baker's last name because her career began taking off during that time, and it was the name by which she became best known. Born in St. Louis, Missouri, she renounced her U.S. citizenship and became a French national after her marriage to French industrialist Jean Lion in 1937. It celebrates Baker's life and works. "[5], Baker refused to perform for segregated audiences in the United States and is noted for her contributions to the civil rights movement. [37], Although based in France, Baker supported the Civil Rights Movement during the 1950s. Winchell responded swiftly with a series of harsh public rebukes, including accusations of Communist sympathies (a serious charge at the time). When Mussolini invaded Ethiopia, Baker initially supported the move. Her costume, consisting of only a short skirt of artificial bananas and a beaded necklace, became an iconic image and a symbol both of the Jazz Age and the Roaring Twenties. While wearing her Free French uniform emblazoned with her medal of the Légion d'honneur, she introduced the "Negro Women for Civil Rights. [10] Baker's foster son Jean-Claude Baker wrote a biography, published in 1993, titled Josephine: The Hungry Heart. Marianne Zinzen Baker Fille ainée de l’artiste, Marianne a grandi dans l’univers bucolique du château des Milandes. She also devoted much of her life to fighting racism. A character based on Baker (topless, wearing the famous "banana skirt") appears in the opening sequence of the 2003 animated film, Her influence upon and assistance with the careers of husband and wife dancers, Baker was heavily featured in the 2012 book, In February 2017, Tiffany Daniels portrayed Baker in the. [37]:232–269 As written in Jazz Age Cleopatra, "She specialized in gatherings at embassies and ministries, charming people as she had always done, but at the same time trying to remember interesting items to transmit. The opening night audience included Sophia Loren, Mick Jagger, Shirley Bassey, Diana Ross, and Liza Minnelli. [76] The Piscine Joséphine Baker is a swimming pool along the banks of the Seine in Paris named after her. In 1963, she spoke at the March on Washington at the side of Rev. [37], In 1951, Baker made charges of racism against Sherman Billingsley's Stork Club in Manhattan, where she had been refused service. Baker returned to Paris in 1937, married the French industrialist Jean Lion, and became a French citizen. Baker performed as the last dancer on the end of the chorus line, where her act was to perform in a comic manner, as if she were unable to remember the dance, until the encore, at which point she would perform it not only correctly but with additional complexity. She met the Pasha of Marrakech, whose support helped her through a miscarriage (the last of several). During her early career, Baker was renowned as a dancer, and was among the most celebrated performers to headline the revues of the Folies Bergère in Paris. In 1946, France awarded her the Medal of Resistance for her WWII service, including her work as … It was at the Old Chauffeur's Club where Josephine met Willie Wells, and subsequently married him at age 13; however, the marriage lasted less than a year. [3] (The club eventually met her demands). I was only in the chorus in 'Shuffle Along' and 'Chocolate Dandies'. Baker raised two daughters, French-born Marianne and Moroccan-born Stellina, and 10 sons, Korean-born Jeannot (or Janot), Japanese-born Akio, Colombian-born Luis, Finnish-born Jari (now Jarry), French-born Jean-Claude and Noël, Israeli-born Moïse, Algerian-born Brahim, Ivorian-born Koffi, and Venezuelan-born Mara. Josephine Baker was born Freda Josephine McDonald in St. Louis, MO, in 1906 to Carrie McDonald, a laundress, and Eddie Carson, a musician. Baker, Jean-Claude, & Chris Chase (1995). After a successful tour of Europe, she broke her contract and returned to France in 1926 to star at the Folies Bergère, setting the standard for her future acts. In the book, he discusses at length the circumstances surrounding Baker's birth: The records of the city of St. Louis tell an almost unbelievable story. [79], Château des Milandes, a castle near Sarlat in the Dordogne, was Baker's home where she raised her twelve children. After the miscarriage, she developed an infection so severe it required a hysterectomy. [7] After this incident, she began receiving threatening phone calls from people claiming to be from the Ku Klux Klan but said publicly that she was not afraid of them. Picasso drew paintings depicting her alluring beauty. She also raised them as different religions to further her model for the world, taking two children from Algeria and raising one Muslim and the other Catholic. After thinking it over, Baker declined the offer out of concern for the welfare of her children.[6][7]. Baker was billed at the time as "the highest-paid chorus girl in vaudeville. (However, during his work on the Stork Club book, author and New York Times reporter Ralph Blumenthal was contacted by Jean-Claude Baker, one of Baker's sons. [48] Despite her efforts, McGee was executed in 1951. 1950. [29], In 1929, Baker became the first African-American star to visit Yugoslavia, while on tour in Central Europe via the Orient Express. Josephine Baker adopted 12 children from Finland, Japan, Korea, Columbia, France, Belgium, and Venezuela. Letters from the first months of 1972 involve arrangements for the Janeses to host Baker's daughters Marianne and Stellina and Josephine's niece Rama Wallace for the summer. [62][63] For some time, Baker lived with her children and an enormous staff in the château in Dordogne, France, with her fourth husband, Jo Bouillon. Her spectacular show in April broke attendance records. She was known for aiding the French Resistance during World War II. [32], Under the management of Abatino, Baker's stage and public persona, as well as her singing voice, were transformed. Baker was one of 12 children adopted by biracial pop singer Josephine Baker as part of her “Rainbow Tribe.” She died in 1975 in Paris, France at age 68. She died on April 12, 1975 in Paris, Île-de-France France at 68 years of age. [34] She returned to Europe heartbroken. Also featured to perform that day were Roy Brown and His Mighty Men, Anna Mae Winburn and Her Sweethearts, Toni Harper, Louis Jordan, Jimmy Witherspoon and Jerry Wallace. [3] After the war, she was awarded the Restance Medal by the French Committee of National Liberation, the Croix de guerre by the French military, and was named a Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur by General Charles de Gaulle. The honor she was paid spurred her to further her crusading efforts with the "Save Willie McGee" rally. Her career could not support the large family she created so Baker and her children moved to Monaco. British singer-songwriter, Al Stewart wrote song about Josephine Baker. Josephine Baker was born Freda Josephine McDonald on June 3, 1906. She was the first Black woman to star in a major motion picture, the 1927 silent film Siren of the Tropics, directed by Mario Nalpas and Henri Étiévant.[1]. [13] One woman abused her, burning Josephine's hands when the young girl put too much soap in the laundry. Her insistence on mixed audiences helped to integrate live entertainment shows in Las Vegas, Nevada. [11], Josephine's mother married Arthur Martin, "a kind but perpetually unemployed man", with whom she had a son and two more daughters. [6], Baker performed the "Danse Sauvage" wearing a costume consisting of a skirt made of a string of artificial bananas. I swear in all my life I have never seen, and probably never shall see again, such a spectacular singer and performer. [39], Baker's last marriage, to French composer and conductor Jo Bouillon, ended around the time Baker opted to adopt her 11th child. Rare Book & Manuscript Library. She was also a spy for the Allied forces during World War II!She was the first ever American woman awarded the Croix de Guerre (a French military award for heroism), and she was also awarded the Medal of Resistance in 1946.. Baker’s popularity rose during the 1920s for dancing in Paris.
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